Memory

~ Retrival failure ~

Encoding specificity principle – Tulving research into rereival failure. Summerised this pattern encoding specificity principle if a cue is to help us to recall information it has to be present at encoding where the material was learned and at retrieval. 

If cues available at encoding and retrieval are different. 

Cues are linked to the material-to-be remembered in a meaningful way. Such cues are used in many mnemonic techniques 

Context-dependent forgetting 

State-dependent forgetting. 

Context-dependent forgetting 

Godden and Baddeley 1975 – deep sea divers working underwater. 

Critical for divers to remember instruction given before their work (matter of life or death) 

Learn on land – recall on land 

Learn on land – recall underwater 

Learn underwater – recall on land 

Learn underwater – recall underwater 

Recall 40% lower in non-matching conditions external cues available at learning were different from ones at recall and this led to retrieval failure.